woman killed by lion in kruger national park

A suspected rhino poacher has been trampled on by an elephant then eaten by a pride of lions in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Behaviors and programs that skirt the reality of our place in the food chain seem to be an accident waiting to happen, says Dollar. Their preference is for buffalo, giraffe, zebra and wildebeest among the bigger animals, and porcupine and warthog as smaller game. February 2023 will be remembered as the month in which the Kruger Park was severely affected by floods. Heres the technology that helped scientists find itand what it may have been used for. 'We hand them a slip of paper when they enter the park, I really don't understand why people think its okay to leave windows open. Accomplice poachers told the victim's family that he had been killed by an elephant on Tuesday. This week one of the lions broke away from the group and attacked a woman nearby. If they did know that, would that change their interest? Dollar asks. We assessed the landscape for other big 5 animals and as per procedure sent out a notification that we were walking in the reserve. In December 2013, former league rugby player Brett Tucker and his family were attacked by a lion at Gauteng Lion Park. A separate 2008 paper published in African Journal of Ecology studied hyena and lion interactions in the Etosha National Park in Namibia. Brooklyn celebrates turning 24 by heading out in Paris with wife Nicola Peltz and Nicola Peltz's fans question if 'feud' with mother-in-law Victoria Beckham is REALLY over as she posts Supermarkets strip vape device from stores after being found to be at least 50 per cent over legal nicotine Tragedies of Everest: The adventurers forever frozen in ice after losing their lives scaling the world's 'Why the last-minute delay?' One person wrote: "My condolences to all the family and friends. 'Out of respect for the privacy of the family, we will not be releasing the name or commenting any further,' they tweeted this morning, adding: 'Our hearts go out to the family and loved ones of the deceased in this sad incident. The woman's death is the third big cat attack at the park in just four months. 12 Black-Owned Home Decor Brands to Decorate Your Space With Style and Intention, Giraffe Kills Toddler, Leaves Mother in Critical Condition at Luxury Game Park in South Africa, All About Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter's Children and Grandchildren, Everything to Know About Nancy Pelosi's Husband, Paul Pelosi. It was also accused of breeding lions for 'canned hunting', a charge that the park has refuted. Brendan Smith, from Perth, was left with deep flesh wounds after the big cat pounced through the window and bit his leg. Keen to get away from the neighbours? Swane van Wyk, 21, was performing her daily duties inside the lion enclosure in Zwartkloof Private Game Reserve near Bela-Bela in Limpopo province when she was attacked by the big cats, according to SA People. A woman has been killed by a lion at a South African game lodge, Shocking moment lion launches savage attack on keeper's throat, Lion MASSACRE as six big cats die after eating 'poison', Lion attacks in South Africa are rare but not unheard of, How could they be so evil? Published: 09:28 GMT, 2 June 2015 | Updated: 18:38 GMT, 2 June 2015. He and his wife, Somashnie, who was pregnant, had been celebrating their second wedding anniversary at the park and had food inside the car. A hyena has been filmed walking on two legs after being paralyzed by a lion. 1 minute 9 seconds 4.8K. If they are pursued they need to be done with expert guides and should be near vehicles. The park offers tented accommodation and also hosts children's birthday parties. Lion Park was featured in a November 60 Minutes story as one of dozens of parks in South Africa where tourists pay to pet lion cubs. Is this really helping to protect animals that are endangered?. A hyena has been filmed walking on two legs after being paralyzed by a lion. A search party struggled to find the body but eventually found a human skull and a pair of trousers on Thursday. While park staff were able to chase the lion away, Simpson told ABC News that the woman died while receiving treatment from emergency services. She was certified dead by the paramedics at the scene," the statement said. All rights reserved, Learn about a death at an animal park in China, Learn about the National Geographic Society's Big Cats Initiative. Debora Patta reports from South Africa. In his post, he said the lion had attacked the hyena around six months earlier. In March, an Australian tourist was injured by a lioness after going on safari with his car windows open. Although Richardson was not walking the lions in the immediate or known presence of tourists, other private game managers on the continents do offer such close-contact experiences for guests. Spaniel sniffs out guns to protect rhinos, 'Web of corruption' behind SA rhino poaching, Street fighting in Bakhmut but Russia not in control, Saving Private Ryan actor Tom Sizemore dies at 61, Alex Murdaugh's legal troubles are far from over, The children left behind in Cuba's mass exodus, Xi Jinping's power grab - and why it matters, Snow, Fire and Lights: Photos of the Week. Unauthorized use is prohibited. The lion's name was Skye, and he was the leader of a pride living in Kruger National Park (KNP) in South Africa, and also the father to young cubs. Bystanders administered CPR until emergency services arrived, but despite their efforts, the woman was pronounced dead at the scene. Viva Safaris thankfully was able to continue all operations as the main damage was done in the Southern Section of the Kruger Park. However, Drew Abrahamson, founder of safari organization Captured in Africa, was critical of the confinement of lions. A large male lion was trophy hunted on Thursday morning last week in the Greater Kruger National Park. Some reserves promote controversial canned hunting, in which hunters pay for the right to shoot a lion in a closed-off area. A zookeeper has been mauled to death by lions at a private game reserve in South Africa, according to local news reports. A procession was held Wednesday night for the officer who was killed in the line of duty. "Whilst the world's conservation, wildlife and tourism professionals have long denounced this diabolical breeding industry, it's further saddening to see that South African authorities continue to allow this unnatural industry to continue.". Six adult witnesses, including two visitors from India, gave their own photographs of the attack and statements to police confirming that both front windows of the victims car were open throughout her visit to the 20-acre enclosure, where she was attacked. Not according to biology or history. ", Die is een vir die boeke . We have confirmed by way of personal discussion with the warden of the area that the hunter is from the United States and that he paid in the region of R1-million to kill this wild lion. A zookeeper has been mauled to death by lions at a private game reserve in South Africa, according to local news reports. Last year, several lions were found poisoned near a farm in the same province with their heads and paws sawn off. The best beach in Britain that you've never heard of: Seaside town is braced for tourism boom after Kate Garraway reveals Derek's heartbreaking words when they thought he had just minutes left to live. Battle at Kruger is an eight-minute amateur wildlife video that depicts a confrontation between a herd of Cape buffalo, a small group of young lions from a pride, and two crocodiles. A National Geographic team has made the first ascent of the remote Mount Michael, looking for a lava lake in the volcanos crater. The lioness responsible for the attack has been identified and is being kept alone in a separate enclosure. / AFP. Park spokesman reports the car had their windows all the way down, which is strictly against policy. The other lions in the area watched from a distance throughout. Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. 'When the paramedics were treating the lady she unfortunately passed away,' he said. According to the head warden, the lion's behaviour was uncharacteristic. The spotted cat swiped its claws at its larger assailant, making the lion jump into the air to avoid contact. In June 2015, an American tourist was mauled to death at a separate game reserve north of Johannesburg. Mr Simpson said visitors to the park were warned not to leave their windows open to avoid attacks. Why Alex Murdaugh was spared the death penalty, Why Trudeau is facing calls for a public inquiry, The shocking legacy of the Dutch 'Hunger Winter'. A rhinoceros poacher in a South Africa wildlife preserve was stomped to death by an elephant and eaten by lions . What's in U.S. foods that Europe deems unfit for human consumption? Two families were driving only metres away from the car carrying the victim when she was attacked. Murdaugh is heckled as he leaves court, Ken Bruce finishes his 30-year tenure as host of BBC Radio 2, Isabel Oakeshott clashes with Nick Robinson over Hancock texts, Alex Murdaugh unanimously found GUILTY of murder of wife and son, Dozens stuck in car park as staff refuses to open gate for woman, Missing hiker buried under snow forces arm out to wave to helicopter, Two Russian tanks annihilated with bombs by Ukrainian armed forces. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. He has been working for less than a year at the Park, which is an hour from Johannesburg. Warning: The manager of the lion park said he doesn't understand why people leave their windows open despite warnings dotted around the compound (pictured), Park employees said that their repeated warnings about the big cats were ignored by tourists trying to get better pictures on safari. Kruger National Park has an ongoing problem with poaching and there remains a strong demand for rhino horn in Asian countries. The video was shot in September 2004 at the Transport Dam watering hole in Kruger National Park, South Africa, during a safari guided by Frank Watts. Accomplice poachers told the victim's family that he had been killed by an elephant on Tuesday. A man was killed and eaten by two lions in the Kruger National Park (KNP) on Thursday July 28, 2005. Can we bring a species back from the brink? When will the Beast from the East be at YOUR door? So even bigger picture, people need to look at the overall role of these private reserves in conservation, Honey says. Warning: The manager of the lion park said he doesn't understand why people leave their windows open despite warnings dotted around the compound (pictured), Park employees said that their repeated warnings about the big cats were ignored by tourists trying to get better pictures on safari. "At first glance I was honestly stunned, and felt heartbroken for the hyena who looked in a dismal state," he told Newsweek. ", Join half a million readers enjoying Newsweek's free newsletters. Video, Russian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims, Harry: I feared losing memories of mum during therapy, US-made cheese can be called 'gruyere' - court, AOC under investigation for Met Gala dress, The children left behind in Cuba's exodus, Alex Murdaugh's legal troubles are far from over, Saving Private Ryan actor Tom Sizemore dies at 61, Walkie Talkie architect Rafael Violy dies aged 78. After a young woman was killed in South Africa, experts debate the safety of "lion walks" and other practices on private game reserves. While it may be a thrilling experience for a person to do, and they may think they are helping wildlife by doing so, I dont see an obvious connection, Dollar says of such tourist walks. Cruise-goers reveal their most terrifying incidents at sea - from watching a ferocious Do YOU know your Adam and Eve from your Ruby Murray? Kruger National Park tweeted a "suspected poacher" was. The incident took place at South Africa's Lion Tree Game Lodge, around 300 miles north of Johannesburg, where Mathewson worked as a conservationist. Incredible wildlife footage when a Lion kills a Hyena but what happens in the end will surely surprise you. Lion attacks have been known to happen in the past. These skeletons may have the answer, Scientists are making advancements in birth controlfor men, Blood cleaning? "The circumstances leading to this tragic incident are still unknown at this stage but the ongoing police investigations will tell.". Tucker's father reportedly suffered minor injuries. On Tuesday, a 22-year-old, unnamed woman was mauled to death while visiting a popular private wildlife sanctuary run by Kevin Richardson, the well-known "Lion Whisperer," near Pretoria. First published on February 12, 2018 / 12:53 PM. I left school at 16 with six GCSEs - and became a self-made millionaire. Lion mauls tourist to death at Jhb lion park, American woman killed in South Africa lion attack - CBS News, Do not sell or share my personal information. Part of the Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday & Metro Media Group. The attack took place at Lion Park a wildlife park located between Johannesburg and Pretoria that offers self-driven and guided tours. The spokesperson added that they are providing all possible services, but would not comment further out of respect for the privacy of the family. Remarkable Never Seen Before Footage.This Amazing. But others were hastily cobbled together, sometimes on marginal lands of little ecological value. ', A police van arrives at the Lion Park where an American tourist was killed by a lioness on June 1. Corbis via Getty Images A year ago a man was mauled and killed by white lions in the same region after they escaped from . Her screams alerted other staff members. Mathewson's wife witnessed the lion attack. We asked the experts - and their answers will terrify you Five unexpected signs in your 20s and 30s you're at risk of developing heart disease later in life. 'When the paramedics were treating the lady she unfortunately passed away,' he said. Cruise-goers reveal their most terrifying incidents at sea - from watching a ferocious Do YOU know your Adam and Eve from your Ruby Murray? Prince Harry shares struggles to be his 'authentic true self' growing up, saying he felt pressures to 'come As Prince Harry says he felt like the film 'the boy in the bubble' before having therapy, who was What will the next pandemic be? He told ENCA: 'We make it so clear. 'We have signage up everywhere informing people to keep their windows closed. Paramedics were called but could do nothing to save her. He added that the park takes safety seriously. The U.S. Embassy this morning confirmed the young woman was an American citizen through its Twitter account. The remains were found in the Ingwelala Private Nature Reserve, a private game reserve near the Kruger National Park, in . But the rules are often much more blurred on private reserves, where governments often have less legal or practical oversight. Mr Simpson said park staff rushed to pull the lioness off the young woman and carried out CPR. Did you mean? A lion stalked a leopard walking on the road and attacked it in South Africa's Kruger National Park area, video posted Wednesday on Kruger Sightings shows. "The preliminary police investigations indicated that the deceased was performing her duties when she was attacked and killed by [an] unknown number of lions. The managing executive of the park extended his condolences to the family. Stock image of hyena in East Africa. Not so shipshape! Our lodges are situated in the Central Section. Zach Shallcross's Official 'Bachelor' Cast Is Revealed Meet the 30 Women Vying for His Heart, King Charles' 2 Children: Everything to Know About Prince William and Prince Harry, Paying Tribute to the Celebrities Who Have Died in 2023, Nick Offerman and Megan Mullally's Relationship Timeline, 60-Year-Old Ride-Share Driver Dies in Flash Flood After Calling Husband: 'Lost Her Life for an $18' Fare, A Guide to Who's Who in Meghan Markle and Prince Harry's Netflix Docuseries, 2 Killed, 20 Injured After Accident Sends 2 Cars Into Crowd at Neb. Police have launched an investigation into her death at the lodge in Hammanskraal town, which is close to the large Dinokeng Game Reserve. The page was flooded with messages of condolence in English and in Afrikaans underneath her last post from January 30, which showed her with a giraffe and the message: "Enjoy what you do for as long as you can. There are around 2,000 lions in Kruger National Park, Harry: I feared losing memories of mum during therapy, US-made cheese can be called 'gruyere' - court, The children left behind in Cuba's exodus, AOC under investigation for Met Gala dress, Canadian grandma helps police snag phone scammer. A lion killed a 29-year-old American woman and injured a man at a wildlife park in South Africa early Monday. Cathan said he had shot the footage on January 8 while out looking for a leopard in the Kruger National Park. The groundbreaking promise of cellular housekeeping. Thats not right, she says. Park officials found a hunting rifle and ammunition nearby, leading them to believethe man had been illegally hunting on the grounds when he was attacked by the pride of lionesses. It's the third big cat attack at the park in just four months. February 12, 2018 / 11:23 PM He added that the park takes safety seriously. The animal residents of Kruger National Park in South Africa reportedly meted out their own kind of justice. A man suspected of being a rhino poacher was killed last week by an elephant and his remains devoured by a pride of lions at a South African park, officials said. A woman has been killed by a lion at a South African game lodge. Pop star Shakira pictured playing with a lion cub at Gauteng Lion Park near Johannesburg, South Africa, John Legend and his model wife Chrissy Teigen have also visited the park which is popular with tourists, The deadly attack happened in Gauteng Lion Park, around an hour outside of Johannesburg in South Africa. The leopard then skedaddled into the bush and the lion declined to pursue it. Update: This story was updated on March 5 at 4:50 pm ET with a line to make clear that Richardson wasn't leading a lion walk for tourists on the day the woman was mauled, although that is a practice followed by some other game managers. All Rights Reserved. One of Earth's loneliest volcanoes holds an extraordinary secret. 'We hand them a slip of paper when they enter the park, I really don't understand why people think its okay to leave windows open. Part of the Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday & Metro Media Group. Everyone Practices Cancel Culture | Opinion, Deplatforming Free Speech is Dangerous | Opinion. Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting. The attack took place at Lion Park - a wildlife park located between. Police are trying to establish the victim's identity. Tucker had his daughter on his lap at the time when a lion put its paw through the window but her grandfather acted quickly and threw her in the backseat. In December 2013, a former South African franchise rugby player Brett Tucker and his family were attacked by a lion at the same park. The South African Police Service in Bela-Bela said that emergency services were summoned and responded swiftly after the attack last Thursday. Megan Bongi, 48, was visiting the park for the first time, accompanied by her two dogs, when a Tiger pounced on her from nowhere. The study also said how dangerous these encounters can be for hyenas, with deaths from lions thought to represent a leading cause of mortality among adult hyenas. Visitors were not upset by the delay and one man, Morne Du Plessis, recorded it to share with the world. 2023 BBC. If we love these cats so much why do we feel the need to touch them or hug them or walk with them, as though that is a natural occurrence?. At least she did something special in her life, and most of us can't say that about themselves." 'The witnesses said they saw the guests taking pictures of the lion from a meter away, then the lion lunged at the car and bit the lady through the window. Pop star Shakira pictured playing with a lion cub at Gauteng Lion Park near Johannesburg, South Africa, John Legend and his model wife Chrissy Teigen have also visited the park which is popular with tourists, The deadly attack happened in Gauteng Lion Park, around an hour outside of Johannesburg in South Africa. It was also accused of breeding lions for 'canned hunting', a charge that the park has refuted. The Women Who Kill Lions: Directed by Neil Rawles. 0:34 An alleged poacher was found dead and likely killed by an elephant on Thursday, according to a South African national park. The tourist and her companion, thought to be a South African tour guide, were taking a 'routine' drive through the 20-acre compound containing about a dozen big cats near Johannesburg. The attack came after West Mathewson, 68, unlocked the. It was filmed by videographer David Budzinski and photographer . Scientists just confirmed a 30-foot void first detected inside the monument years ago. One of the lionesses charged off after an impala and must have run 2 to 2.5 kilometers [1.2 to 1.5 miles] where she encountered the 22-year-old outside the car., Martha Honey, the executive director of the Center for Responsible Travela Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit that advocates responsible tourismsays people shouldnt blame the lion for doing what big predators do. Welcome to the Coronation! A woman was killed by a tiger over the weekend after jumping out of a car in a Beijing animal park to . These species frequently clash on the grasslands of sub-Saharan Africa. Spaniel sniffs out guns to protect rhinos, 'Web of corruption' behind SA rhino poaching, Street fighting in Bakhmut but Russia not in control, Russian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims. Lion Shot After Killing Man. "It's more of a situation where this lion lashed out at the hyena and left him in this state - leaving the hyena a lucky (or unlucky) survivor. Kevin Richardson, known as the "lion whisperer," ends a two-hour walk with three of his lions in the Dinokeng Game Reserve. February 12, 2018 / 11:23 PM / AFP. In 2011, Ranesh Rajkaran, 28, blocked a lioness from getting into his car with his arm and was bitten but fortunately he only suffered scratches. Not so shipshape! Rangers will not search for the lioness as it will be difficult to identify her. The views expressed in the contents above are those of our users and do not necessarily reflect the views of MailOnline. It showed that interactions between the two species were most common at the scene of fresh kills. Natural history artist Charles Astley . The lioness ran away and has not been found since. Ald. Smith posted pictures of his injuries on Facebook which happened after he'd only been in South Africa for 36 hours. the only reason I hope it doesn't happen again is because the lion will probably be punished for doing absolutely nothing wrong. Officials from the Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency (MTPA) in South Africa waited by a carcass just outside Kruger National Park on Friday, according to Africa Geographic; then, when the pride . Interactive map reveals when you may see SNOW. The Mapogo lion coalition was a band of male South African lions that controlled the Sabi Sand region in Kruger National Park. Kruger National Park has an ongoing problem with poaching and there remains a strong demand for rhino horn in Asian countries. We need more carefully developed, agreed upon protocols for private reserves that parallel what has been developed for national parks, says Honey. Mr Simpson said park staff rushed to pull the lioness off the young woman and carried out CPR. The park has more than 85 lions, including rare white lions, and a variety of other animals, including giraffes and ostriches. Murdaugh is heckled as he leaves court, Ken Bruce finishes his 30-year tenure as host of BBC Radio 2, Insane moment river of rocks falls onto Malibu Canyon in CA, Fleet-footed cop chases an offender riding a scooter, Two Russian tanks annihilated with bombs by Ukrainian armed forces, Alex Murdaugh unanimously found GUILTY of murder of wife and son, Missing hiker buried under snow forces arm out to wave to helicopter. Donkey Sex: The Most Bizarre Tradition. We hand out flyers as they are driving in reminding them to keep their windows closed. The video has since been viewed over 16 million times after it was reposted by the Latest SightingsKruger Facebook page. The park, which has been visited by celebrities including R'n'B singer John Legend and pop star Shakira in the past,has more than 85 lions, including rare white lions, and a variety of other animals, including giraffes and ostriches. Employee Mr Simpson said visitors to the park were warned not to leave their windows open to avoid attacks. Please enter valid email address to continue. 02 Mar 2023. Some private reserves are very well managed and support science-based conservation programs, such as captive breeding and reintroduction and public education campaigns. In South Africa, there are more game animals on private land (some 20 million) than in public parks (5 to 6 million). They had their windows all the way down, which is strictly against policy, Scott Simpson, assistant operations manager at Lion Park told the Associated Press. The three lions responsible were later put down, SA People reported. The park offers tented accommodation and also hosts children's birthday parties. Revealed: The top 10 fastest-growing destinations for UK pensioners retiring overseas. What's the least amount of exercise we can get away with? "It's no secret that Hyena and lions are arch enemies with conflict between the two species occurring on a daily basis and it's instinctual for predators to want to eliminate competition however lions do not strategically attack hyenas in this manner," he said. The remains were found over the weekend in the bush at a private game park near Hoedspruit in the northern province of Limpopo, where animals have been poached in increasing numbers over recent years. A mans world? Car Show: Police. Read about our approach to external linking. "On arrival, they found the woman with severe injuries outside the cage. Circumstances surrounding the incident were not immediately clear. There are around 2,000 lions in Kruger National Park, Russian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims. Welcome to the Coronation! This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Newsweek has contacted the Zwartkloof Private Game Reserve for comment. At the same time, myself and an experienced colleague took three lions walking in the reserve, as we do on a weekly basis, as part of their exercise and stimulation regiment, Richardson wrote on Facebook. Keen to get away from the neighbours? Brendan Smith, from Perth, was left with deep flesh wounds after the big cat pounced through the window and bit his leg. And work with experienced guides who know animal behavior and the local area well, adds Dollar, who is also a professor in the Department of Environment and Sustainability at Catawba College. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? ', The woman was dragged out the window of the vehicle. The footage was captured by Cathan Moore, a wildlife photographer, who spotted the hyena in Kruger National Park in South Africa. "Entering Kruger National Park illegally and on foot is not wise," he said. The managing executive of the park extended his condolences to the family. Many people who may participate in lion walks may not realize that if the big cat makes a wrong move, it may be shot by a watchful guard. I left school at 16 with six GCSEs - and became a self-made millionaire. Test yourself with this Cockney Rhyming Slang quiz. A suspected poacher was mauled to death and eaten by a pack of lions close to the Kruger National Park in South Africa, police said Monday, adding that little was left of the victim's body. At least 12 dead after winter storm slams South, Midwest, The Saturday Six: Dental device controversy, scientist's bug find and more, Indonesia fuel depot fire kills 18; more than a dozen missing, 3 children killed, 2 others wounded at Texas home, Man charged for alleged involvement in 2 transformer explosions, Nikki Haley slams potential GOP contenders, and Trump and George W. Bush, Duo of 81-year-old women plan to see the world in 80 days, Tom Sizemore, actor known for "Saving Private Ryan" and "Heat," dies at 61, Alex Murdaugh trial: What to know about the double murder case. How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds. At conservative gathering, Trump is still the favourite. The hunter's name is unknown at this stage. Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. Gauteng Lion Park employee Scott Simpson, 28, told Daily Mail Online: 'The lion approached from the left of the vehicle, the passenger side and walked quite close to the car. . . I really wanted to the woman at 4:10 to throw the baby over her shoulder. The American woman's death was the third big cat attack in four months. Last August, game lodge owner Leon van Biljon was mauled to death in a lion enclosure at the Mahala View Lion Game Lodge, at Hammanskraal, north of Pretoria. Lion body parts are used in traditional medicine. The fifth was killed by an elephant and later "devoured" by a pride of lions, park officials said in a statement. Copyright 2023 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. On Saturday, Hong Kong airport authorities seized the biggest haul of rhino horn in five years, valued at $2.1m (1.6m). Video shows deadly Greek train crash as station boss admits "error", Ozempic-like drug Wegovy coming to the U.K. at a fraction of U.S. price, Hunt on for lions that escaped popular tourist destination, Canned lion hunting increasingly under scrutiny in South Africa.